Entities / Financial instrument
naira.
currency of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
- Reports this week
- 13
- Active events
- 9
- Connections
- 214
What's happening
Reports per dayLast 90 days
90 days agoDrag either end to show only events that began in that periodToday
Active this week
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Economic hardship is causing currency devaluation in Nigeria, impacting the naira, amidst administration policy concerns.Well supported9 reports4 developments inside
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The International Monetary Fund warned on the valuation of the naira as the Central Bank of Nigeria managed external reserves to defend the currency.Some support3 reports
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Nigeria's administration reports rising foreign reserves amid global crude price spikes driven by the US/Israel war.Some support1 report
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President Tinubu initiated major economic reforms in Nigeria, including overhauling the tax agency FIRS and approving naira payment plans for crude oil.Well supported14 reports4 developments inside
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Naira devalued against the US Dollar, while Denge Josef Onoh spoke to communities in the Middle Belt.Some support1 report
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Inflation in Nigeria is being driven by monetary policies, political corruption, and global conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine war and tensions involving the U.S., Israel, and Iran.Well supported78 reports2 developments inside
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Naira depreciation in Nigeria is increasing the cost of imports.Well supported3 reports2 developments inside
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Naira depreciation and inflation in Nigeria are driving up consumer prices and reducing consumer spending.Some support1 report
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The Central Bank of Nigeria's policy rate is stated to influence the exchange rate of the Nigerian naira.Some support1 report
Earlier this month
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The policy failure of fuel subsidy removal and nominal increase due to exchange rate shifts in Nigeria.Some support2 reports
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Nigeria seeks $5bn total return swap financing, pledging naira-denominated bonds as collateral amid Fitch warnings.Some support6 reports
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A Congress meeting was held in Jos, Plateau State, where the state government was demanded to pay compensation in naira.Some support1 report
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The Central Bank of Nigeria implemented a bank recapitalization program, resulting in capital adequacy ratios exceeding Basel benchmarks.Some support1 report
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The Nigerian government implemented Naira flotation as a major economic reform.Some support2 reports
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Nigeria holds a press briefing detailing that crude and inputs are now priced in dollars, with subsidy returns costing N16 trillion annually.Some support1 report
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World Bank analyzed the resilience of the Nigerian naira during the second quarter of 2026.Some support1 report
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Naira weakness in Nigeria is causing negative impacts on operational costs and claims.Well supported11 reports5 developments inside
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The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) is prosecuting Godwin Emefiele on eight counts related to his time as Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN).Well supported22 reports1 development inside
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Companies operating in Nigeria face currency risk as the naira's long-term trajectory reflects US inflation differentials.Some support2 reports2 developments inside
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The article states that Naira is the currency of Nigeria and that economic reforms were implemented in 1995 to boost government revenues and investments.Well supported4 reports7 developments inside
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Nigeria exemplifies Africa's manufacturing challenges, with high imports and economic issues pressuring the local currency.Well supported5 reports5 developments inside
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Stablecoin use is gaining global traction with support from Trump, posing challenges to the monetary policy of the naira in Nigeria.Some support2 reports1 development inside
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IMF conducted Article IV consultation with Nigeria and called for fiscal and monetary reforms.Well supported5 reports1 development inside
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Property worth billions of naira lost in floods in Ebonyi State, prompting NEMA intervention.Some support1 report
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The Dangote Refinery IPO is a major industrial asset in Nigeria and is priced and denominated in naira.Well supported5 reports
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The values of Toyota and Mercedes-Benz vehicles were reported in naira currency.Some support1 report
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Alex Otti discussed the past management of state funds in Anambra State, noting they were handled in naira and dollars.Some support2 reports
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Naira depreciation reduces FAAC's dollar value, while Atiku Abubakar criticizes the FAAC boom as a scam.Some support5 reports1 development inside
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Ifeanyi Odii donated N5 million to assist flood victims.Some support1 report
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The government has commenced payments of N18bn, following President Tinubu's direction to resolve the financial obligation.Some support14 reports1 development inside
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Money has been linked to the activities of a bandit kingpin identified as Muhammadu.Some support1 report
-
The Federal Inland Revenue Service collects public revenue for the Nigerian state.Some support1 report
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Fictional work established the archetype of the ruthless agent, while systemic weaknesses allow abuse of judgment.Some support1 report
One to three months ago
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Nigerian federal government announces trade sector expansion and targets, with trade values denominated in Naira.Well supported4 reports1 development inside
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CBN efforts and foreign exchange directives led to anticipated naira strength and stabilization in the market.Well supported13 reports1 development inside
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Nigerian stock market capitalization reached $120 billion on September 17, 2026.Some support1 report
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The African Democratic Congress discussed the government's spending of the naira on September 15, 2026.Some support1 report
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Investment offers protection against naira depreciation.Some support1 report
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Kidnapping crisis in Kebbi State is fueling a parallel economy where ransom payments are made in naira.Some support1 report
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The NDC is setting contribution limits in naira and planning crowdfunding to fund its 2027 election campaign.Some support1 report
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Nigeria issued bonds to fund national debt requirements while struggling to reconcile liquidity surplus with currency pressure.Well supported14 reports3 developments inside
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State requires levies to be paid using the naira currency.Some support2 reports
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Real estate investment in Nigeria uses naira.Some support1 report
-
Investors looted PXES offices in Kogi and Adamawa, while the Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority sanctioned RwandAir.Some support1 report
-
Currency devaluation is impacting corporate revenue streams in Nigeria, while the Central Bank of Nigeria governs the official exchange rate.Some support2 reports
-
The local economic health of the region is currently impacting the value of the naira currency in Zaria.Some support3 reports
-
The Nigerian government invested billions of naira on July 8, 2026, into military equipment.Some support1 report1 development inside
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The Federal Ministry of Aviation and Aerospace Development paid a company for guns using naira funds in Abuja.Some support1 report
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Gombe State administration is focusing on civil service reform, leveraging biometric systems that are reportedly saving billions of naira.Some support1 report
-
An Agri-SMEs and Investors Conference was held in Kaduna to discuss how the naira float is creating new export opportunities for agricultural businesses.Some support1 report
-
Nigeria faces foreign exchange issues, is reclassified into the FTSE Frontier Index, and the SEC confirms new foreign portfolio investment rules.Some support7 reports3 developments inside
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The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) managed a surge in foreign exchange utilization within the Nigerian economy.Well supported13 reports
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FTSE Russell assessed Nigerian market maturity and operational standards, noting that economic reforms are driving currency gains.Some support2 reports1 development inside
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The Nigerian film industry has achieved a record in the box office market, with all totals being measured in the local naira currency.Some support1 report
-
INEC regulates political campaigning in Nigeria, while businesses report suffering due to government borrowing and naira weakness.Some support1 report
-
N500 billion is allegedly budgeted to secure support in Northern Nigeria, involving an Islamic cleric and specific individuals.Some support1 report
-
Government debt is reported to be affecting the finances of contractors.Some support1 report
-
Severe floods have caused property worth millions of naira to be destroyed in the region, prompting a leading government response.Some support1 report
-
Macroeconomic issues in Nigeria are being discussed, including how Tinubu's policies affected debt revaluation, while Obasanjo reduced the national debt burden and Naira depreciation impacted external debt.Well supported8 reports7 developments inside
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The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) is tracking recoveries made in Naira for the federal government.Well supported16 reports
No events began in the chosen period. Widen it, or reset.
What's reaching naira
Events traced to naira, step by step, newest first- CNG rollout may help stabilize the naira through cost reductionCNG rollout may help stabilize the naira through cost reductionPossible
- Petrol relief package may put pressure on the naira's valueThe naira may face renewed pressure due to the fiscal strain of the petrol relief package.Possible
- Pollution incident at new expressway interchange may require state funding, impacting naira allocationsPollution incident at new expressway interchange may require state funding, impacting naira allocationsPossible
- Reforms and investment could stabilize the nairaIncreased private capital and stability could boost naira confidencePossible
- Increased confidence in CBN policy may support the stability of the nairaIncreased confidence in CBN policy may support the stability of the naira.Possible
- Dangote's industrial projects may stabilize Naira by cutting importsDangote's industrial expansion could help conserve foreign exchange and stabilize the Naira.Likely
See all 42 explainers
- Foreign capital in Nigerian equities may support naira's valueForeign investment in Nigerian stocks may support the naira's valuePossible
- Gender roadmap could support naira's long-term stabilityGender equality roadmap may support long-term stability of nairaPossible
- Improved power supply may support naira stability in NigeriaThe naira may benefit from improved industrial capacity and power reliabilityPossible
- Campus CNG deployment may ease inflationary pressure on nairaCampus CNG deployment may ease inflationary pressure on nairaPossible
- Highway project controversy may pressure the naira's valueFiscal uncertainty from the highway project could put pressure on the naira.Possible
- Oil security framework may boost naira by securing national revenueIncreased stability of core hydrocarbon assets could support naira valuePossible
- Nigeria's naira may stabilize as reforms tackle structural distortionsThe naira's stability may improve long-term as Nigeria implements structural economic reformsPossible
- Fiscal concerns and capital flight may pressure the nairaFiscal recklessness and capital outflows may put pressure on the naira's stabilityLikely
- Political and economic criticism may weaken the naira's valuePolitical and economic criticism may weaken the naira's value.Possible
- Oil theft may pressure the naira by cutting export revenueOil theft could pressure the naira by reducing foreign currency earnings.Likely
- FX threats identified could pressure the naira's stabilityFX threats identified by BCG/LBS could pressure the naira's stability.Possible
- Political challenges may sustain downward pressure on the nairaPolitical challenges to the Tinubu administration may sustain downward pressure on the naira.Likely
- New titanium plant could boost naira stability through foreign investmentForeign investment and mineral exports may boost the naira's stability.Possible
- Reforms to attract investment may boost the naira's stabilityIncreased foreign investment and economic stability could strengthen the naira's value.Possible
- Tech probe into global giants may affect naira stabilityTech probe into global giants may affect naira stabilityPossible
- Subsidy debate may put pressure on naira and foreign reservesSubsidy debate could weaken the naira and increase borrowing costsLikely
- Budget opacity and corruption may pressure the nairaSystemic financial opacity and budget gaps may weaken the naira's stability.Possible
- Nigeria's reforms may boost naira stability and investor confidenceNigeria's reforms may boost naira stability and investor confidenceLikely
- Pension reforms and N758 billion bond injection may stabilize nairaPension reforms and N758 billion bond injection could stabilize the nairaPossible
- Fuel subsidy return proposal may pressure naira stabilityFuel subsidy return proposal could increase pressure on the nairaPossible
- Capital market reforms may help stabilize the nairaReforms could boost investment and stabilize the naira's valuePossible
- Subsidy restoration could increase fiscal pressure on the nairaSubsidy restoration could increase fiscal pressure on the nairaPossible
- Infrastructure fund expansion may influence naira stabilityFund expansion may influence naira stability through infrastructure investment and bond yieldsPossible
- New MAN president may support naira through industrial growthNew MAN leadership may boost industrial confidence, supporting the nairaPossible
- Accelerated regional projects may increase pressure on the nairaAccelerated regional projects may increase pressure on the nairaPossible
- Fuel discount may ease inflation, supporting the nairaThe temporary fuel discount may help stabilize the naira by easing inflationary pressures.Possible
- Court order requiring CBN payment may pressure naira stabilityCourt order requiring CBN payment may put pressure on naira stabilityPossible
- Lowering fuel costs may ease cost of living burden on nairaCheaper fuel could ease cost of living, potentially supporting the nairaPossible
- Solar import ban shelved, potentially shifting naira stabilityShelving solar import ban may introduce mixed pressures on the nairaPossible
- Rising cost of living puts pressure on naira's purchasing powerThe naira's purchasing power may face long-term pressure due to rising cost of livingPossible
- Mineral funding appeal could boost naira stabilitySuccessful mineral funding could stabilize the naira through increased sector incomePossible
- Curbing vehicle imports could ease pressure on naira reservesPolicy to curb vehicle imports may support the naira by easing pressure on foreign reservesPossible
- Warnings over Nigeria's decline may pressure the naira's stabilityWarnings over Nigeria's decline may pressure the naira's stabilityPossible
- How are the naira and the Nigerian economy affected by the administration's structural reforms?Naira faces mixed signals amid administration's economic reformsReported
- Cost of Living Crisis Puts Pressure on Naira ValueRising inflation and essential cost hikes pressure the Naira's purchasing powerReported
- How does CBN managing monetary policy in Nigeria affect naira?The naira is currently benefiting from a tight monetary policy stance, which has led to stabilization and recent rate cuts.Includes Brind's reasoning
Explainers that pass through naira
naira is a step on the way to someone else- How could the federal government's fiscal management affect the Central Bank of Nigeria?Government fiscal decisions could put pressure on the naira and foreign reservesLikely
- US policy may fuel inflation by pressuring Nigerian currencyUS central bank policy may drive inflationary pressures in NigeriaPossible
- Naira weakness drives cost-push inflation in NigeriaNaira devaluation compounds cost-push inflation in NigeriaReported
- Nigeria's import reliance increases demand for US dollarIncreased import reliance and fuel pricing push demand for US dollarReported
- How will the economic pressures on the naira affect the Central Bank of Nigeria?Currency pressure and import reliance challenge CBN's mandate to stabilize the nairaReported
- CBN Rate Cut Eases Debt Service Burden for Federal GovernmentCBN rate cut eases borrowing costs for federal government operations.Reported
Around naira this week
News at the entities that move naira most-
Central Bank of Nigeria StructuralFitch revised Nigeria's sovereign outlook on October 18, 2026.Moves naira
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Nigeria StructuralThe Nigeria Labour Congress demands relief from federal government policies amid naira depreciation and rising PMS prices.Moves naira
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CBN StructuralOlayemi Cardoso seeks to strengthen the monetary policy independence of the Central Bank of Nigeria.Moves naira
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Bola Ahmed Tinubu OperationalTinubu disclosed reforms and provided N8 billion intervention to the Federal University of Health Sciences.Moves naira
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central bank StructuralFindings related to the central bank were reported to the senate by an entity.Moves naira
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federal government StructuralManufacturers call for regulatory reforms and tax credits.Moves naira
Connections
The 40 strongest of 214, analyzed from the reporting. The bars show how strongly a change on one side reaches the other.-
Central Bank of Nigeria Structural
The Central Bank of Nigeria is the central regulatory and issuing authority responsible for managing the stability and value of the naira.
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Nigeria Structural
The Naira is the official currency of Nigeria, and its value is intrinsically linked to the nation's economic policies and market forces.
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CBN Structural
The CBN is the central authority responsible for issuing, managing, and influencing the value and circulation of the Naira.
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Peter Obi Operational
Peter Obi actively discusses the Naira's value, policy implications, and its role in national economic discourse.
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Bola Ahmed Tinubu Operational
Tinubu's economic policies, including currency floating and subsidy removal, directly influence the value and stability of the naira.
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central bank Structural
The central bank utilizes policy and regulatory actions to manage and stabilize the value and confidence of the naira.
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Dangote Group Operational
Dangote Group utilizes the Naira for pricing and valuation, and its market activities are reported to influence the currency's stability and strength.
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federal government Structural
The federal government uses the naira as its official unit of account and actively regulates its value and stability through fiscal and monetary policy.
Show all 40 connections
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Abubakar Usman Transactional
Abubakar Usman used the naira as the medium to extort millions of value.
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Aliko Dangote Structural
Dangote's company uses Naira for pricing IPO shares and paying dividends, establishing a structural dependency on the currency.
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Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Structural
The EFCC uses the Naira as the official unit of account for tracking and recovering illicit funds.
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Ademola Adeleke Transactional
The evidence suggests a specific, large alleged financial transaction where Ademola Adeleke allegedly received N650 billion denominated in the Naira.
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FAAC Structural
FAAC's dollar value is structurally dependent on the naira, as its figures are denominated in the currency.
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Debt Management Office Structural
The Debt Management Office utilizes the naira as the official unit of account for debt instruments and payments.
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Muhammadu Buhari Structural
Muhammadu Buhari's administration policies and actions directly influenced the stability and value of the Naira.
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US Dollar (Next day) Transactional
The Naira is devaluing against the US Dollar, currently priced at N1,405 per dollar.
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MTN Nigeria Structural
MTN Nigeria's revenue is denominated in Naira, and the Naira's stability influences its cost pressures.
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Adamawa Transactional
The loss of goods valued in Naira was caused by fires occurring in the Adamawa region.
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Access Bank Structural
Access Bank measures its customer deposits using the naira as the unit of account.
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Indiana Historical Society Operational
Naira fluctuations directly affect the financial performance and revenue of the Indiana Historical Society.
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Nigerian Army Structural
The Nigerian Army relies on the Naira as the medium of exchange for paying salaries and covering annual expenditures.
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Oando Structural
Oando's cost of sales is directly tied to the naira exchange rate.
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Atiku Abubakar Operational
Atiku Abubakar's political policies and advocacy are consistently cited as influencing the stability and value of the Nigerian naira.
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federal government of Nigeria Structural
The federal government of Nigeria is the issuer and primary regulator of the naira, whose value and stability are directly dependent on government policy.
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inflation Operational
The stability of the naira is shown to influence and help contain price pressures (inflation).
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All Progressives Congress Transactional
The APC utilizes the Naira as the required medium of exchange for political campaign funding, nominations, and operational donations.
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Anambra State Structural
Anambra State's financial operations, including debt servicing and state allocations, are formally denominated and conducted using the naira currency.
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Cross River State Structural
Cross River State relies on the Naira as the functional unit for state financial operations, including grants and damage claims.
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Transmission Company of Nigeria Structural
The financial losses of the Transmission Company of Nigeria are quantified using the naira currency as the unit of account.
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International Monetary Fund Operational
The IMF assesses the naira's undervaluation and urges policy reforms to strengthen its confidence.
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Shell Nigeria Operational
Shell Nigeria offers payment domiciliation services that are denominated and executed using the Naira currency.
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Nigeria Labour Congress Operational
The Nigeria Labour Congress cites naira depreciation as a causal factor for its wage and price demands.
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Osun State Operational
The Naira functions as the required medium of exchange for the financial operations of Osun State, including payroll and budgetary allocations.
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African Democratic Congress Operational
ADC uses the state of the naira, including depreciation and spending, as a basis for political critique and discussion.
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Air Peace Transactional
Air Peace operates in a market denominated by the naira, evidenced by financial losses and outstanding charges owed to NCAA.
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Kwara State Structural
The naira serves as the functional currency for Kwara State's financial operations and fee setting.
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Ejigbo Transactional
Naira notes were used in Ejigbo LGA for alleged vote buying, leading to seizures at polling units.
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NPC Transactional
NPC utilizes the naira currency for settling contracts and commercial operations.
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Brent Operational
Global crude prices (Brent) exert a dominant influence on the pricing and valuation of the local currency (Naira).
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Godwin Emefiele Transactional
Godwin Emefiele's tenure and actions are linked to specific financial events, including alleged fraud and efforts to stabilize the Nigerian naira.
History
Events by the month they beganOctober 2026
9 events- Nigeria's administration reports rising foreign reserves amid global crude price spikes driven by the US/Israel war.
- Naira devalued against the US Dollar, while Denge Josef Onoh spoke to communities in the Middle Belt.
- Naira depreciation and inflation in Nigeria are driving up consumer prices and reducing consumer spending.
- The Central Bank of Nigeria's policy rate is stated to influence the exchange rate of the Nigerian naira.
- A Congress meeting was held in Jos, Plateau State, where the state government was demanded to pay compensation in naira.
- The Central Bank of Nigeria implemented a bank recapitalization program, resulting in capital adequacy ratios exceeding Basel benchmarks.
- The Nigerian government implemented Naira flotation as a major economic reform.
- Nigeria holds a press briefing detailing that crude and inputs are now priced in dollars, with subsidy returns costing N16 trillion annually.
- World Bank analyzed the resilience of the Nigerian naira during the second quarter of 2026.
September 2026
31 events- President Tinubu initiated major economic reforms in Nigeria, including overhauling the tax agency FIRS and approving naira payment plans for crude oil.
- The policy failure of fuel subsidy removal and nominal increase due to exchange rate shifts in Nigeria.
- Property worth billions of naira lost in floods in Ebonyi State, prompting NEMA intervention.
- The Dangote Refinery IPO is a major industrial asset in Nigeria and is priced and denominated in naira.
- The values of Toyota and Mercedes-Benz vehicles were reported in naira currency.
- Alex Otti discussed the past management of state funds in Anambra State, noting they were handled in naira and dollars.
- Naira depreciation reduces FAAC's dollar value, while Atiku Abubakar criticizes the FAAC boom as a scam.
- Ifeanyi Odii donated N5 million to assist flood victims.
- The government has commenced payments of N18bn, following President Tinubu's direction to resolve the financial obligation.
- Money has been linked to the activities of a bandit kingpin identified as Muhammadu.
- The Federal Inland Revenue Service collects public revenue for the Nigerian state.
- Fictional work established the archetype of the ruthless agent, while systemic weaknesses allow abuse of judgment.
- Nigerian stock market capitalization reached $120 billion on September 17, 2026.
- The African Democratic Congress discussed the government's spending of the naira on September 15, 2026.
- Investment offers protection against naira depreciation.
- Kidnapping crisis in Kebbi State is fueling a parallel economy where ransom payments are made in naira.
- The NDC is setting contribution limits in naira and planning crowdfunding to fund its 2027 election campaign.
- State requires levies to be paid using the naira currency.
- Real estate investment in Nigeria uses naira.
- Investors looted PXES offices in Kogi and Adamawa, while the Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority sanctioned RwandAir.
- Currency devaluation is impacting corporate revenue streams in Nigeria, while the Central Bank of Nigeria governs the official exchange rate.
- The local economic health of the region is currently impacting the value of the naira currency in Zaria.
- The Federal Ministry of Aviation and Aerospace Development paid a company for guns using naira funds in Abuja.
- Gombe State administration is focusing on civil service reform, leveraging biometric systems that are reportedly saving billions of naira.
- An Agri-SMEs and Investors Conference was held in Kaduna to discuss how the naira float is creating new export opportunities for agricultural businesses.
- FTSE Russell assessed Nigerian market maturity and operational standards, noting that economic reforms are driving currency gains.
- The Nigerian film industry has achieved a record in the box office market, with all totals being measured in the local naira currency.
- INEC regulates political campaigning in Nigeria, while businesses report suffering due to government borrowing and naira weakness.
- N500 billion is allegedly budgeted to secure support in Northern Nigeria, involving an Islamic cleric and specific individuals.
- Government debt is reported to be affecting the finances of contractors.
- Severe floods have caused property worth millions of naira to be destroyed in the region, prompting a leading government response.
August 2026
4 events- Companies operating in Nigeria face currency risk as the naira's long-term trajectory reflects US inflation differentials.
- Nigeria faces foreign exchange issues, is reclassified into the FTSE Frontier Index, and the SEC confirms new foreign portfolio investment rules.
- The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) managed a surge in foreign exchange utilization within the Nigerian economy.
- The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) is tracking recoveries made in Naira for the federal government.
Show 2 earlier months
July 2026
3 events- Nigeria exemplifies Africa's manufacturing challenges, with high imports and economic issues pressuring the local currency.
- Nigerian federal government announces trade sector expansion and targets, with trade values denominated in Naira.
- The Nigerian government invested billions of naira on July 8, 2026, into military equipment.
June 2026
13 events- Economic hardship is causing currency devaluation in Nigeria, impacting the naira, amidst administration policy concerns.
- The International Monetary Fund warned on the valuation of the naira as the Central Bank of Nigeria managed external reserves to defend the currency.
- Inflation in Nigeria is being driven by monetary policies, political corruption, and global conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine war and tensions involving the U.S., Israel, and Iran.
- Naira depreciation in Nigeria is increasing the cost of imports.
- Nigeria seeks $5bn total return swap financing, pledging naira-denominated bonds as collateral amid Fitch warnings.
- Naira weakness in Nigeria is causing negative impacts on operational costs and claims.
- The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) is prosecuting Godwin Emefiele on eight counts related to his time as Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN).
- The article states that Naira is the currency of Nigeria and that economic reforms were implemented in 1995 to boost government revenues and investments.
- Stablecoin use is gaining global traction with support from Trump, posing challenges to the monetary policy of the naira in Nigeria.
- IMF conducted Article IV consultation with Nigeria and called for fiscal and monetary reforms.
- CBN efforts and foreign exchange directives led to anticipated naira strength and stabilization in the market.
- Nigeria issued bonds to fund national debt requirements while struggling to reconcile liquidity surplus with currency pressure.
- Macroeconomic issues in Nigeria are being discussed, including how Tinubu's policies affected debt revaluation, while Obasanjo reduced the national debt burden and Naira depreciation impacted external debt.